The Jargon

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that the maximum amount of power will be dissipated by a load resistance if it is equal to the Thevenin or Norton resistance of the network supplying power. The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem does not satisfy the goal of maximum efficiency. Suppose we have a voltage source or battery that's internal resistance is R i and a load resistance R L is connected across this battery.  

Thevenin’s Theorem states that any linear electrical network all the voltage sources and resistances  can be replaced by an equivalent voltage source V th in series connection with an equivalent resistance R th .       Example: If you apply source transformation technique to Thevenin's equivalent circuit then you will obtain Norton's equivalent circuit.

The response in a particular branch when all the sources are acting simultaneously is equal to the algebraic sum of individual responses by considering one source at one time. All the voltage sources are eliminated by short circuit and current sources are eliminated by open circuiting. do not disturb any dependent sources. If there are several sources acting simultaneously in an electrical circuit, then the current through any branch of the circuit is summation of currents which would flow through the branch for each source keeping all other sources dead. Example: Eliminate the voltage source by Short circuiting and find voltage and current across each branch. Finally voltage and current across each branch is given as :

Current is constant in a series circuit and voltage is constant in parallel circuit. Voltage Divider : Voltage division is the result of distributing the input voltage among the components of the divider. A simple example of a voltage divider is two resistors connected in series, with the input voltage applied across the resistor pair and the output voltage emerging from the connection between them. Current Divider : Current division refers to the splitting of current between the branches of the divider.    

Source Transformation is a simplification technique which eliminates extra nodes in a network. both the networks are equal in performance point of view but, different in connection point of view. Voltage-to-Current Source Transformation   consider a network has voltage source  Vs  in series with resistance R . then the              network   can be converted in to current source Is  with resistance in parallel with it.      the voltage source Vs can be given as : Vs =Vs / R   Current-to-Voltage Source Transformation  consider a network has current source  Is  in parallel with resistance R . then the     network can be converted in to voltage source Vs  with resistance in series with it.      the voltage source Vs can be given as : Vs =Is *R    

Mesh analysis is based on Kirchhoff Voltage Law.   It uses the mesh currents as the circuit variables. we can use Mesh Analysis to find out the voltage , current or power through a particular element or elements. Procedure for Mesh Analysis: 1. Identify all meshes of the circuit and Assign mesh currents and label polarities. for example above circuit has two meshes. mesh 1 is assigned with current I 1  and mesh 2 is assigned with current I 2 .  2. Apply KVL at each mesh and express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents. In the above circuit by applying Kirchhoff's laws we have Equation No 1 :     10 =  50I 1  + 40I 2 Equation No 2 :     20 =  40I 1  + 60I 2 3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations for the mesh currents. We now have two “ Simultaneous Equations ” that can be reduced to give us the values     of I 1 and I 2  .

The nodal analysis and the mesh analysis are based on the systematic application of Kirchhoff’s laws . Nodal analysis is a method that provides a general procedure for analyzing circuits using node voltages as the circuit variables. Having ‘n’ nodes there will be ‘n-1’ simultaneous equations to solve. The procedure for analyzing a circuit with the node Analysis: Identify all nodes of the circuit. Select a node as the reference node also called the ground and assign to it a potential of 0 Volts. All other voltages in the circuit are measured with respect to the reference node. for example in the below circuit nodes are Va,Vb and Vc with respect to reference       node D.  According to Kirchhoff's current law   we have  I 1  + I 2  = I 3    and  I=V/R from ohm's law.    so we have  I 1  = (V a  - V b )/10 ;   I 2  = (Vc - Vb)/20 ;   I 3  = (Vb)/40 As Va = 10v and Vc = 20v  ,  Vb can be easily found by: