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Network Theorems


  1. Superposition theorem

  2. Thevenins & Norton's Theorem

  3. Maximum power transfer theorem

  4. Reciprocity Theorem

  5. Millimans Theorem

  6. Substitution Theorem

  7. Tellegens Theorem

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Tellegens Theorem

Tellegen theorem states that  the summation of instantaneous powers for the n number of branches in an electrical network is zero. Suppose n number of branches in an electrical network have i 1 , i 2 , i 3 , .............i n respective instantaneous currents through them. These currents satisfy Kirchhoff's Current Law . Again, suppose these branches have instantaneous voltages across them are v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , ........... v n respectively. If these voltages across these elements satisfy Kirchhoff Voltage Law then,
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relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. These are remote control electrical switches that are controlled by another switch. A relay is used to isolate one electrical circuit from another. It allows a low current control circuit to make or break an electrically isolated high current circuit path. The basic relay consists of a coil and a set of contacts. The most common relay coil is a length of magnet wire wrapped around a metal core. When voltage is applied to the coil, current passes through the wire and creates a magnetic field. This magnetic field pulls the contacts together and holds them there until the current flow in the coil has stopped. The diagram below shows the parts of a simple relay. Operation: When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the current is switched off, the armature is usually returned by...
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P-type semiconductor

The extrinsic  p Type Semiconductor  is formed, when a  trivalent impurity  is added to a pure silicon or germanium atom in small amount and as result large number of holes are created in it. A trivalent impurity like boron, aluminium, nitrogen, gallium, indium. have having three valence electrons but silicon or germanium have four valance electrons. so, it forms only three covalent bonds. In the   fourth covalent bond , only the germanium atom contributes one valence electron, while boron atom has no valence bonds. Hence, the fourth covalent bond is incomplete, having one electron short. This missing electron is known as a  Hole . Thus, each boron atom provides one hole in the germanium crystal. As an extremely small amount of boron impurity has a large number of atoms, therefore, it provides millions of holes in the semiconductor.
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